The EU sets new energy efficiency targets for buildings by 2050
The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), currently under approval by the EU, represents a major shift in the real estate sector. Its goal is for all European buildings to become zero-emission by 2050, which requires a complete transformation of the existing stock. The challenge is significant, as over 80% of Spanish buildings have very low energy ratings (E, F, or G), mainly because most were built before 1980, when efficiency regulations were not in place.
The directive sets out a progressive timetable:
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By 2030, all homes must achieve at least an E rating.
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By 2033, the minimum requirement will be a D rating.
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From 2040, all buildings should reach category A or B.
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From 2026, new public buildings must be zero-emission, and from 2028, this will apply to all new constructions.
It also introduces four key instruments:
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Zero-emission building: self-sufficient in energy and based on renewables, more demanding than the current “nearly zero-energy building” concept.
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Global Warming Potential (GWP): a calculation of a building’s carbon footprint throughout its life cycle, mandatory from 2027 for large buildings and from 2030 for all.
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National Renovation Plans: each country must outline annual measures to meet the 2050 target.
The directive will strongly impact the housing market. Energy efficiency, once a secondary factor, will become decisive in property transactions, increasing the value of low-consumption homes. However, experts warn that society is not fully aware of the obligations of ownership: ongoing renovations, financial investment, and compliance with deadlines.
Spain faces greater challenges than other EU countries due to its aging housing stock, with up to 85% of buildings needing renovation. The process will also be complex in homeowners’ associations, where decisions must be made collectively. Property managers anticipate delays due to limited awareness, lack of rehabilitation companies, and the absence of a clear national schedule.
The directive does not specify penalties, leaving this to each member state. Nor does it set exact funding figures, though support is expected through EU recovery funds, regional development funds, the Social Climate Fund, green mortgages, and special loans. Uncertainty remains over how the necessary works will be financed.
In short, the EPBD signals a mandatory paradigm shift: European housing must become sustainable and aligned with the Green Deal, which aims for a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. Despite resistance, Brussels is determined to accelerate the process, as buildings account for 40% of the EU’s energy consumption and 36% of its emissions. Whether countries like Spain can adapt their housing stock in time remains the key question.
